This comprehensive and accessible text discusses all the topics prescribed for the students of Life Sciences taking the National Eligibility Test (NET). Besides, the book would also be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Biotechnology, and postgraduate students of Botany and Zoology. The book discusses spectroscopy which forms the core of modern research, be it physical sciences or life sciences, and microscopy, which is now an indispensable analytical tool in Biological Science, with all its different forms. It also illustrates radioactivity and related phenomena so as to justify their widespread applications in modern biological, medical and chemical researches. The book evaluates the role of statistics in biological as well as physiological/medical phenomena, and systematically analyses electro-physiological methods, histochemical and immuno techniques, and molecular biology.