Designed as a textbook for a one or two-term introduction to mathematical statistics for students training to become data scientists, foundations of statistics for data scientists: with r and python is an in-depth presentation of the topics in statistical science with which any data scientist should be familiar, including probability distributions, descriptive and inferential statistical methods, and linear modelling. The book assumes knowledge of basic calculus, so the presentation can focus on 'why it works' as well as 'how to do it.' compared to traditional "mathematical statistics" textbooks, however, the book has less emphasis on probability theory and more emphasis on using software to implement statistical methods and to conduct simulations to illustrate key concepts. All statistical analyses in the book use r software, with an appendix showing the same analyses with python.The book also introduces modern topics that do not normally appear in mathematical statistics texts but are highly relevant for data scientists, such as bayesian inference, generalized linear models for non-normal responses (e.G.